Research and develop a non-invasive, high throughput, imaging-based methodology to determine nanoparticle (NP) tissue/cell penetration in plants. Develop quantum dot-based NPs to prototype crop application suspensions to test for plant tissue/cell penetration and be compatible with distance-dependent molecular energy exchange mechanism. Develop software algorithms, that when applied to images will differentiate between non-penetration, tissue penetration, and cell penetration.