To determine the horizontal and vertical distances attained by the root system of toadflax and the dynamics of single infestations. To determine the seed production per shoot of toadflax, seed dormancy and viability, and its dispersal ability. To determine the potential for shoot production of the root system, i.e. the age at which plants can produce new shoots, the influence of the position of root fragments relative to the mother shoot on shoot production, and the size of root fragments necessary for shoot production.