To compare the agronomic performance of different rates, methods of application (fall band, spring broadcast, side-band, mid-row band) and forms (urea, anhydrous ammonia) of nitrogen fertilizers for wheat, canola, and flax in western Canada. To determine the influence of nitrogen fertilizer rate, placement and formulation on nitrous oxide emissions. To calculate a total energy budget for the different formulations, placements and timings of the nitrogen fertilizer applications.